1. What is the role played by UV radiation in the formation of melanoma, and what effect do these mutations play in key genes in these cells?
2. If you wish to expose yourself to the sun, it is recommended that you use sunscreens. While it is known that sunscreen use prevents sunburns, does it prevent skin cancer formation? Discuss what is known about the effects of sunscreen use in preventing cell damage and in reducing the incidence of skin cancer in the population.
3. What is more important in cancer development, mutations or the inability to repair DNA damage? Discuss using a number of examples.
4. Explain why big is not always better when it comes to the size of a eukaryotic cell. In your answer describe some of the ways cells can overcome such constraints on their size.
5. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are considered as a valuable resource for regenerative medicine to replace diseased or damaged tissues. Describe how iPSC are generated, how they could be used for autologous transplants and why the differentiation step is crucial.
6. Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is involved in the resolution of various phases of tissue repair. Describe how apoptotic cell death supports tissue regeneration and the consequences of deregulated apoptosis.
7. EGFR mutations are a type of driver mutation that can occur in lung cancer patients. Discuss the frequency and histological sub-type of lung cancer associated with EGFR mutations. List one inhibitor that block EGFR signalling and describe the evidence that supports its use to treat lung cancer patients. Describe what a biomarker is and how biomarkers or diagnostic tests are being used to identify and treat lung cancer patients using EGFR as an example.
8. Discuss the clinical evidence to support targeting inflammation in lung cancer. Neutrophils accumulate in the lungs of COPD and lung cancer patients. Describe two proteases that are released by neutrophils and how they can contribute to tumour growth in lung cancer patients.
9. SARS-CoV-2 is changing our lives and our world. From an immunological perspective, the virus is well tolerated in many people who produce a functional immune response to the infection, but in some, it elicits a serious and potentially fatal dysfunctional immune response. Referring to the cells, factors and cytokines involved, what are the details of these functional and dysfunctional immunological responses to SARS-CoV-2? Are there any potential treatments that could possibly intervene in these processes?
10. CAR T-cell therapy is a method of manipulating specific elements of the immune system to precisely target cancer cells. At the immune cell and receptor level, what is the basic mechanism behind CAR T-cell therapy? What are the promises, limitations and potential immunological side effects of this treatment?
11. There are many different chronic inflammatory diseases, each involving specific elements and cells of the immune system. Choose one of these conditions and discuss the effects on the body (with a focus on the cellular features), describe the immunological process that perpetuates the disease and explain how the disease is treated (including why the disease is difficult to resolve at the cellular/immunological level).
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