Question 1)The communication between the gut and the brain is influenced by a variety of neural, immune, endocrine and humoral signals. A.Discuss how gut-derived peptides/hormones modulate neural circuits underlying energy homeostasis and cognitive function? B.What are the potential routes and mechanisms of gut microbes regulating the brain-gut axis? Question 2) Different types of external and internal stimuli can be sensed and perceived by distinct sensory systems in the body. A.How do sensory systems that are responsible for vision, hearing, balance, and nociception, convert specific stimuli into electrical signals? How are visual and auditory signals integrated in the brain? B.What are the major challenges and potential approaches to treat neurosensory degeneration in the retina and cochlea? Question3) Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a complicated disease.A.Motivate this statement from the clinical, cellular and molecular levels.B.Further discuss the evidence revealing that the immunological response to TBI can be both beneficial and pathogenic.
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