Description
I am working on study regarding Self Care Practice. I intrupeted the resualts but my doctor give me some comments “these chi-square tests, what is the association? What % scored high among US students? What % scored high among Saudi students? What is the difference in proportion? Chi-square is not for association (such as a correlation), it should be telling you if there is a significant difference in proportion between two different groups. Begin your results with a summary statement that sets up what is to follow- what is the bottom line? are knowledge scores high overall? are differences between the groups significant or not? this becomes very wordy and bounces around which challenges comprehension.”
Chi-Square test for KAP
Oral Knowledge
A chi-square test for independence indicated a significant association in oral knowledge between the American and Saudi Arabian students in the US, 𝜒^2 (2, 𝑛=360) =17.24, 𝑝= .000, 𝑝ℎ𝑖=.219. Also, the result of the chi-square test for independence was not significant at 𝜒^2 (1, 𝑛=360) =1.415, 𝑝= .234, 𝑝ℎ𝑖=-.063 suggesting that there was no significantly different between the attitudes of the United States and the Saudi Arabian students regarding oral hygiene. For instance, both Saudi and United States students had a positive attitude regarding oral hygiene. 93.3% of the Saudi students had positive attitudes towards oral hygiene as compared to the 89.6% of the United States students as reported in table 3. The results also indicate that both the Saudi and the United States students had fair oral practice. The result of the chi-square test for independence was not significance at 𝜒^2 (2, 𝑛=360) =.131, 𝑝= .937, 𝑝ℎ𝑖=.019 indicating there was no differences in oral practice between the United States and the Saudi Arabian students.
It is essential to indicate that the chi-square test for independence indicated a significant association between the knowledge on hand hygiene between the United States and the Saudi Arabian students, 𝜒^2 (2, 𝑛=360)=6.297,𝑝= .043, 𝑝ℎ𝑖=.132.. For instance, majority of the Saudi students indicated that they had good knowledge on hand hygiene (i.e. 52.4%) compared to 64.2% of the United States students. The majority of both the students from Saudi Arabian and United States had positive attitudes regarding hand hygiene i.e. 97.6% of the Saudi students and 95.3% of the United States students as reported in table 3. A chi-square test for independence indicated was no statistical difference between United States and Saudi Arabian students in hand hygiene practice, 𝜒^2 (2, 𝑛=360) =.228, 𝑝= .892, 𝑝ℎ𝑖=.025. such that a majority of both the United States and Saudi students had good practice of hand hygiene. For instance, 40.2% of the Saudi students and 42.5% of the United States students responded that they had a good practice of hand hygiene.
According to the data in the table 4, 59.4% of the Saudi males had a fair knowledge of oral hygiene. However, 44% of Saudi females also had a fair knowledge of oral hygiene. Out of the sample population, more Saudi females had poor oral hygiene compared to Saudi males. The result of the chi-square test for independence indicated significant association between the knowledge of the male and female Saudi students in oral hygiene, 𝜒^2 (2, 𝑛=360) =7.337, 𝑝= .026, 𝑝ℎ𝑖=.170 indicating there was a difference in oral hygiene knowledge between the male and female Saudi students. A chi-square test for independence indicated no significant association between the attitudes of the male and female Saudi students regarding oral hygiene, 𝜒^2 (1, 𝑛=360) =.305, 𝑝= .581, 𝑝ℎ𝑖=.035. For instance, 92.5% of Saudi males had positive attitudes towards oral hygiene and 94.2% of Saudi females had positive attitudes towards oral hygiene.
The table below indicates that more Saudi males (29.3%) had poor oral practice compared to Saudi females (16.5%). The result of the chi-square test for independence indicating there was a low statistically significant between the oral practice among the Saudi females and the males, 𝜒^2 (2, 𝑛=360) =13.712, 𝑝= .001, 𝑝ℎ𝑖=.232. Moreover, a chi-square test for independence indicated no statistical significance on knowledge of hand hygiene between Saudi males and females, 𝜒^2 (2, 𝑛=360) =2.363, 𝑝= .323, 𝑝ℎ𝑖=.094. For instance, 23.1% of Saudi females had poor knowledge of hand hygiene compared to the 18% of Saudi males. Saudi males had a higher positive attitude towards hand hygiene compared to Saudi females. A chi-square test for independence indicating no significance in the attitudes towards hand hygiene between the Saudi males and females, 𝜒^2 (1, 𝑛=360) =.504, 𝑝= .478, 𝑝ℎ𝑖= .045. Likewise, there were no significance differences between the practice of hand hygiene between Saudi males and females, 𝜒^2 (2, 𝑛=360) =.178, 𝑝= .915, 𝑝ℎ𝑖=.026. Majority of Saudi males had a good practice of hand hygiene (41.4%), while 40.5% of the Saudi females fairly practice hand hygiene as reported in table 4.
Table 3
Oral and Hand knowledge, Attitude, Practice
Variable
Oral Knowledge
P. Value
Oral attitude
P. Value
Oral Practice
P. Value
Nationality
Poor
Fair
Good
0.000
Positive
Negative
0.234
Poor
Fair
Good
0.937
Saudi Arabia
68 (26.8%)
133 (52.4%)
53 (20.9%)
237 (93.3%)
17 (6.7%)
59 (23.2%)
137 (53.9%)
58 (22.8%)
United States
9 (8.5%)
61 (57.5%)
36 (34%)
95 (89.6%)
11 (10.4%)
26 (24.5%)
55(51.9 %)
25 (23.6%)
Variable
Hand Knowledge
P. Value
Hand attitude
P. Value
Hand Practice
P. Value
Nationality
Poor
Fair
Good
0.043
Positive
Negative
0.237
Poor
Fair
Good
0.892
Saudi Arabia
52 (20.5%)
69 (27.2%)
133 (52.4%)
248 (97.6%)
6 (2.4%)
52 (20.5%)
100 (39.4%)
102 (40.2%)
United States
11 (10.4%)
27 (25.5%)
68 (64.2%)
101 (95.3%)
5 (4.7%)
22 (20.8%)
39 (36.8%)
45 (42.5%)
Table 4
Perception of personal hygiene between Saudi male and female students
Variable
Oral Knowledge
P. Value
Oral attitude
P. Value
Oral Practice
P. Value
Gender
Poor
Fair
Good
0.026
Positive
Negative
0.581
Poor
Fair
Good
0.001
Saudi Male
34 (25.6%)
79 (59.4%)
20 (15%)
123 (92.5%)
10 (7.5%)
39 (29.3%)
75 (56.4%)
19 (14.3%)
Saudi female
34 (28.1%)
54 (44.6%)
33 (27.3%)
114 (94.2%)
7 (5.8%)
20 (16.5%)
62 (51.2%)
39 (32.2%)
Variable
Hand Knowledge
P. Value
Hand attitude
P. Value
Hand Practice
P. Value
Gender
Poor
Fair
Good
0.323
Positive
Negative
0.478
Poor
Fair
Good
0.915
Saudi Male
24(18%)
41(30.8%)
68(51.1%)
129 (97%)
4 (3%)
27 (20.3%)
51 (38.3%)
55 (41.4%)
Saudi female
28(23.1%)
28(23.1%)
65(53.7%)
119 (98.3%)
2 (1.7%)
25 (20.7%)
49 (40.5%)
47 (38.8%)
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