Dr. Frank Drake conducted the first search for radio signals from extraterrestrial civilizations in 1960. This established SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Civilizations), a new area of scientific inquiry. In order to estimate the number of civilizations that may exist in our galaxy that we may be able to communicate with, he developed what is now called the Drake equation.
The Drake equation accounts for a number of different factors. The values used for some of these are the result of scientific study, while others are only the result of an “intelligent guess.†The factors consist of R, the rate of star creation in our galaxy; p, the percentage of stars that have planets; n, the average number of planets that can potentially support life for each star with planets; f, the percentage of those planets that actually go on to develop life; i, the percentage of those planets that go on to develop intelligent life; c, the percentage of those that are willing and able to communicate; and L, the expected lifetime of civilizations. The Drake equation is simply the multiplication of all these factors, giving N, the estimated number of detectable civilizations there are at any given time,
N=R•p•n•f•i•c•L
Using his own estimation for each of these values, Drake calculated that there are always 10 such civilizations. In Figure 1-32 is given the values that Drake used in his calculations, along with updated values based on more recent research.
Drake Equation Factor Values
Drakeâ€s Values
Rate of star creation
R
10
Percentage of stars with planets
p
50%
Average number of planets that can potentially support life for each star with planets
n
2
Percentage of those that go on to develop life
f
100%
Percentage of those that go on to intelligent develop life
i
1%
Percentage of those willing and able to communicate
c
1%
Expected lifetime of civilizations
L
10,000
†Estimate of NASA and the European Space Agency
The value of 7 for R, the rate of star creation, is the least disputed value in the Drake equation today. Given the uncertainty of the remaining factors, you are to develop a program that allows a user to enter their own estimated values for the remaining six factors (p, n, f, i, c and L) and displays the number of civilizations that may exist in the universe.
Details
You are to use the NetBeans IDE (Integrated Development Environment) to develop this program. The following information on using NetBeans can be found on the course Blackboard site under Java Resources –> Information on Installing and Using Java and NetBeans. The following posted documents are relevant for this assignment:
How to Create a NetBeans Project
How to Compile and Run a NetBeans Project Also posted there are the following documents that will be useful during the semester:
NetBeans Quick Start Tutorial
NetBeans Learning Trails (contain a video of NetBeans features) Finally, there is a link downloading both Java and NetBeans for installing on your own devices. (NetBeans is already installed on the lab machines.) Doing this install will give you everything of you need this semester in terms of computing resources. Program Style and Quality of Code You are to write your program with good coding style, following the standards posted in the Program Submission Requirements document under the Programs folder on Blackboard, and represented in the Model Program also posted there. What to Turn In
The source file only (.java) for your program, submitted to Blackboard. (The posted Program Submission Requirements on Blackboard must be followed)
A description of what works, and what doesnâ€t work (if anything) in your program, In the Comments textbox when submitting – DO NOT submit these comments in a separate uploaded file.) NOTE: The aspects of the program that you claim execute correctly MUST WORK FOR ALL CASES. If not, then half of the points for correctness (35% for this assignment) will be deduced. Grading Rubric Input Checking You do NOT need to (but you may if you wish) do user input checking for this assignment (if a non-digit is entered).
Correctness (70%)
For this assignment, must just display the correct computed result.
Design (10%)
A well-designed program should consist of an appropriate set of methods, such that each method has an appropriate method name, an appropriate set of parameters, and an appropriate-size task to accomplish. Refer to the Model Program posted on Blackboard.
Readability (10%)
A readable program has appropriate indentation and spacing of lines (e.g., no wrap around lines).
Specification (10%)
Documentation is an important part of a program. Comment statements are used to specify what a program does overall, as well as what each component of the program (e.g., a method) does. Documentation of methods should indicate what the method does for all possible cases. For example, if a method is created that adds up the numbers between m and n, inclusive, in which m must be less than or equal to n, what happens when values are passed for m and n in which m is greater than n?
– no documentation at all (-10)
– general comments, but specification for each method not included (-8)
– specification for methods given, but very poor. (-5)
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