Description
>>there will be 20 short questions- due in 20 minutes (they are mostly really basic multiple choice, so the time is not short) I will be sending all the questions @11am and need them before 11:20- you can send the answers one by one- -i will attach the 3 labs- and here is the study guide for the labs: Lab 6 Protists Know the 4 supergroups and major clades found within them For each organism we looked at in lab, identify its nutritional mode, recognize structures used for feeding. Know the anatomy of a brown algae/kelp and how it differs from a plant (helps related to the following material). Lab 7 + 17 Know the phylum and anatomy of the major plant groups covered in lab. Identify the sporophtye and gametophyte of each plant group and the structures they produce. Understand the vascular system of plants and recognize it on example specimens. Lab 8 & 9 Seed, Fruit, and Flowering plants Know the phylums and anatomy of the major plant groups covered in lab. Know the anatomy and evolutionary significance of the seed. Recognize seed bearing structures. Know the anatomy of a flower and fruit. Correctly identify monocots and dicots. I will attach the 3 labs.
BIO 80 Laboratory Exercise Answer Sheet
Lab Exercise 7: Early Adventures on Land: The Nonvascular and Non-Seed-bearing Plants
Student Name: Lab Section/Semester: Date Submitted: Score:
Seyedeh Mahsa, Fanaei /Fall October 4th,2020
7-1 Explain the seemingly paradoxical fact that the animal kingdom evolved 10’s of millions of years before the plant kingdom.
The seemingly paradoxical fact that the animal kingdom evolved before plants, is that animals require oxygen to breathe. Early animal life (Ediacaran biota) evolved from protists during the pre-Cambrian period, which is also known as the Ediacaran period.
7-2 Prepare a list of environmental challenges a land plant faces compared to its algal ancestors.
1. Adaptation to the arid desert or environment – It leads to development of fleshy and waxy coating leaves for the storage of water.
2. Plants have to develop the roots to acquire nutrition and water from soil, also developed stomata for gases exchange.
3. Desicantion – The interior cells in algal are watery, that will dry and die if bring to land environment.
4. Competition- land plants are imobile, they have to susceptible for overgrown compared to other plants which have better adaptation in the habitat.
5. Reproduction – The sperms cannot swim on land, the new means of the reproduction had to developed.
7-3 Examine and draw the slide of the young moss gametophyte (#4603). Specimen: ____ moss protonema __________
Mag: ___ N/A
7-4 Examine and draw the slides of moss archegonia and antheridia (#4602, #4604). Find and label the vase-shaped archegonia. Note how many eggs occur in each archegonium Draw and label all visible structures (eggs, neck, neck canal, paraphyses, etc.). Draw and the antheridia and note the visible sperm cell inside. How does the amount of sperm in the antheridium differ from the number of eggs in the archegonium?
Specimen: archegonium
Mag: N/A Specimen: antheridia
Mag: N/A
1 – perichaetial leaves, 2 – neck, 3 – neck canal, 4 – egg, 5 – tip of female gametophyte
There are 2 eggs in the archegonium illustrated above
1 – paraphysis, 2 – antheridium, 3 – asix
There are more sperm in the antheridium than eggs in the archegonium
7-5 Examine and draw the slide of the mature moss sporophyte (#4619) and the moss ‘leaf’ (#4613). Label the spores inside the sporangium and the operculum, if present.
Specimen: moss sporophyte
Mag: N/A Specimen: moss ‘leaf’
Mag: N/A
7-6 Examine and draw the live specimens of moss, if available. Label the sporophyte plant if present. Specimen: live specimens of moss
Mag: N/A
7-7 Examine and draw and label the Marchantia “cupules” containing gemmae (#4611). Note the simple cellular structure and lack of vascular tissue. Label any rhizoids you may see. Examine the live specimens, if available. Any gemmae cups present?
Specimen: Marchantia “cupules”
(containing gemmae)
Mag: N/A
Gemmae cups are present
7-8 Examine and draw the slide of the sporophyte Anthoceros, a hornwort (#4515). Label the spores.
Specimen: Anthoceros, a hornwort
Mag: N/A
7-9 Compare and draw the slides of a Lycopodium leaf (#5113) and that of a ‘leaf’ of a moss. Label the vascular cells, if present in either preparation.
Specimen: Lycopodium leaf
Mag: N/A Specimen: moss ‘leaf’
Mag: N/A
O7-10 Examine and draw the slide of the Lycopodium strobilus (#5114). Label the sporangia bearing spores. Compare this slide with the Selaginella strobilus (#5122).
Specimen: Lycopodium strobilus
Mag: N/A Specimen: Lycopodium strobilus
Mag: N/A
Both Lycopodium strobilus and Lycopodium strobilus have sporangia bearing spores. Size and location of sporangia differ for the two genus.
7-11 Examine and draw the whole mount of Lycopodium and note the strobili.
> Sporangium is Eusporangiate and consist of short stalk and kidney shaped capsule with numerous tiny haploid spores.
Specimen: Lycopodium
7-12 Examine the whole mounts of horsetails and select one to draw, labeling the jointed stems, needle-like leaves, and well-developed strobili. The rhizomes may also be present.
Specimen: Equistum Giganteum
7-13 Examine the several whole mounts and living ferns and fern developmental stages. Do any of them possess sori? Examine the living fern. Are the sori on both sides of the frond, or only the upper or lower surface?
>Yes. They do possess sori but not both sides of the frond of the living fern had sori, only the lower surface has dots
7-14 Examine and draw the slides of the fern sori (#5329) and the prothallus of the young sporophyte fern (#5324).
Specimen: Fern sori
Mag: N/A Specimen: Fern Prothallium
Mag: N/A
A – sporophyte; B – gametophyte
7-15 Examine the fern fronds with sori under the dissecting scope. Describe the sporangia. About how may individual sporangia do you see per sorus? (Take an average of 3 sori).
16 sporangia per sorus
7-16 Choose two of the fern herbarium specimens on display. Sketch them and describe how you would tell these two species apart if you encountered them on a hike.
Specimen: Fern (group of vascular plants)
Specimen: Hard fern
During hiking they are plants that we randomly encounter. They come in different looks and sizes. They make the view greener. They are often found near creeks.
7-17 Examine and draw one of the mounts of Psilotum and note the dichotomous branching.
Specimen: Whisk Fern
End-of-Lab Questions
7-19 The Bryophyte phyla lack most of the characteristics that we associate with plants (vascular tissue, seeds, flowers, fruits) and in fact, have a whole lot in common with green algae. So, what makes them plants? In other words, list and briefly describe the derived characteristics of land plants.
Mosses and liverworts are some common types of bryophytes. Bryophytes lack vascular tissues are the difference between bryophytes and other vascular plants. Bryophytes have been evolved from green algae. The tracheophytes are known in their similarity of multicellular embryos.
7-20 In plant life cycles, spores are produced by sporophyte during the diploid phase of meiosis and gametes are produced by mitosis.
7-21 The planet’s terrestrial plant life was at one point dominated by huge tree ferns that grew many meters high. Liverwort and mosses evolved before ferns; is it likely that the planet was ever dominated by huge tree-size mosses and liverworts? Why or why not?
If provided proper nutrients Ferns are able to grow to great heights. Mosses and liverworts lack vascular tissues which means they are bryophytes. Their structure doesn’t allow them to grow tall at all. There is a very low chance that there were ever large tree size mosses and liverworts because of their non-vascular tissues that were unable to support this type of growth.
7-22 Complete the following summary table of plant features and their presence in specific taxa:
Structure Function (What does it do?) Which taxa have this structure?
Cuticle
Cuticle acts as a water permeability barrier that prevents evaporation of water from the epidermal surface, and also prevents external water and solutes from entering the tissues.
I all vascular land plants, also in hornworts, mosses.
Rhizoids help organisms absorb nutrients, minerals and water and also helps in anchor to substrate. Found in fungi and certain species of sponges and plants.
Rhizome Rhizome is used to store starches and proteins and enable plants to perennate underground. ferns, water lilies, ginger etc.
Antheridia
produces and holds sperm cells in bryophytes (non-vascular plants) and ferns
Archegonia
structure or organ of the gametophyte phase of certain plants, producing and containing the ovum or female gamete in brypohytes and ferns.
brypohytes and ferns.
Vascular tissue
Vascular tissue transports water, minerals, and sugars to different parts of plants
vascular plants
Strobilus Strobilus bears the spores in their sporangium. These spores on germination give rise to the gametophytic generation. They are considered as a reproductive structure bearing spores .found in many land plant species consisting of sporangia-bearing structures Mostly in conifers
Lab Exercise 17: Nutrient Uptake and Transport, With a Closer Look at Plants
17-1 Beyond molecule uptake, what are some of the other functions of a plant’s root system?
The underground part of a vascular plant is generally termed as the roots. Roots usually arise from the base of the shoot. They perform a variety of functions for the plant. One of the major functions of the roots is absorption of water and other nutrient molecules to provide for the photosynthetic requirements of the plant. Apart from the function of absorption the roots perform the following functions:
Anchorage: The root system form a network under the soil and they go to varied depths in accordance with the shoot size. This provides for the achorage of the plant firmly with the soil. For this reason only plants withstand various mechanical stress without falling.
Prevents soil erosion: The network of roots tightly hold on to the soil surrounding the plant. This facilitates the ecological function of the roots which is preventing soil erosion by water runoff and other medium.
Storage: Sometimes roots may get modified to store nutrients for future use as in case of carrot and sweet potato. This type of roots appear swollen.
Vegetative reproduction: Generally plants are not the reproductive parts of the plant but sometimes they may function as vegetatively reproducing structures as in case of runners of grasses
17-2 What role do fungi have in root function?
roots provide essential nutrients for the growth of the fungi. In return, the large mass of fungal hyphae acts as a virtual root system for the plants, increasing the amount of water and nutrients that the plant may obtain from the surrounding soil.
17-3 What are the key ingredients in your typical off-the-shelf plant fertilizer?
Plants need various nutrients for their metabolic processes and survival. Nutrients that are required in large quantities are known macronutrients and the ones which are required in smaller quantities are known as micronutrients. Generall most of these are taken up by the plant from the soil. But in some cases(agricultural field, garden lawn, potted plants) the soil may lack sufficient amounts of some nutrients. This is where the role of fertilizers come in. Fertilizers compensate for the nutrient deficiency in the soil. The typical off-the-shelf fertilizer generally contains the three major macronutrients Nitrogen(N), Phosphorus(P) and Potassium(K). These three usually make up for upto 20-30 percent of the fertilizer the rest 70-80 percent is known as ballast and don’t play any role in plant growth. It is only added for better binding and slow release of the nutrients. The micronutrients are required in very small quantities which is available in most soils.
Nitrogen is very important for the plant growth and survival. Nitrogen is contained in the DNA, most amino acids, enzymes and chlorophyll. It is important for the growth of new foliage.
Phosphorus is the major part of all biomembranes, is a vital part of ATP and DNA. Lack of phosphorus may lead to no development of flowers and stong roots.
Potassium is also a very vitsl nutrient in the plant body. It regulates the osmotic balance in the plant and play important role in enzyme catalyzed reactions. Deficiency of potassium may lead to lack of fruit deveand lack of strength in the plant.
Some fertilizer may also contain very small amounts of certain micronutrients.
17-4 Prepare a drawing of your preparation, labeling the vascular bundle. Is there any evidence the dye is leaving the vascular system and entering neighboring tissue?
The tissue seems to be changing color vascular bundles is consisting of both phloem and xylem ensure connection between tumors and the rest of the host plant, thus enhancing water and solute transport.
17-5 How quickly did it take for the dye to enter the leaves?
1.5 hrs
17-6 Prepare drawings of the upper and lower surface of your leaf peal. Label the stomatal pores, if present.
Upper leaf surface:
Lower Leaf surface:
17-7 On what leaf surface do the stomatal pores occur?
The stomal pores was observed to occur on the lower leaf surface
17-8 & 9 – NA
17-10 Using graphing software, prepare a graph of the evapotranspiration data. Be sure to include appropriate figure heading, axis titles, and legend. Copy your finished figure into the box below.
I don’t have access to loptop currently. I wasn’t aware the worksheet required graphing Summarize, in words, the graphed results:
17-11 Summarize the results of the experiment, noting any patterns in the data. Provide a possible explanation for the results.
17-12 List 5 factors that may affect rate of transpiration.
1. Wind speed
2. Humidity
3. Temperature
4. Light intensity
5. Leaf surface
17-13 How many gallons of water a day do you think a large tree loses due to transpiration? Take a wild guess then look up the answer.
My guess:10gallon
A hard wood large tree loses 40-100 gallons of water per day. (!!)
More than 90% of water taken up from soil is lost from plants by the way of transpiration.
17-14 Many trees survive in remarkably dry areas – the cactus Armatocereus procerus grows in remarkably dry coastal areas of Peru and routinely goes for 10 years or more with no rainfall whatsoever. Briefly describe a few adaptations that would enable plants to live in such dry environments.
Resilience of dry spell or dry situations with no precipitation is a striking transformation include created by plants to endure and flourish in such conditions.
The prompt reaction of plants on being presented to dry spell pressure is stomatal conclusion. Be that as it may, stomatal conclusion lessens water misfortune through happening as well as decreases CO 2 and supplement take-up, and thus changes metabolic pathways, for example, photosynthesis. Crassulacean corrosive digestion works by the plant getting its CO2 around evening time and putting away malic corrosive to use during day.
This permits photosynthesis to occur with the end goal that water misfortune during the day, when it is most sizzling, is limited.
Endless supply of plants to dry spell pressure, ABA is the significant hormone incorporated in roots and moved to leaves to start variation of plants to dry season worry through stomatal conclusion and decreased plant development. Roots close to the surface ingest water rapidly and can recover rapidly after a downpour. By decreasing the quantity of leaves and their surface zone the plants lose less water. Xeric adjusted plants have extraordinary cells which hold water for photosynthesis when soil dampness is low or even nonexistent.
End of worksheet
Get professional assignment help cheaply
Are you busy and do not have time to handle your assignment? Are you scared that your paper will not make the grade? Do you have responsibilities that may hinder you from turning in your assignment on time? Are you tired and can barely handle your assignment? Are your grades inconsistent?
Whichever your reason may is, it is valid! You can get professional academic help from our service at affordable rates. We have a team of professional academic writers who can handle all your assignments.
Our essay writers are graduates with diplomas, bachelor, masters, Ph.D., and doctorate degrees in various subjects. The minimum requirement to be an essay writer with our essay writing service is to have a college diploma. When assigning your order, we match the paper subject with the area of specialization of the writer.
Why choose our academic writing service?
Plagiarism free papers
Timely delivery
Any deadline
Skilled, Experienced Native English Writers
Subject-relevant academic writer
Adherence to paper instructions
Ability to tackle bulk assignments
Reasonable prices
24/7 Customer Support
Get superb grades consistently
Get Professional Assignment Help Cheaply
Are you busy and do not have time to handle your assignment? Are you scared that your paper will not make the grade? Do you have responsibilities that may hinder you from turning in your assignment on time? Are you tired and can barely handle your assignment? Are your grades inconsistent?
Whichever your reason may is, it is valid! You can get professional academic help from our service at affordable rates. We have a team of professional academic writers who can handle all your assignments.
Our essay writers are graduates with diplomas, bachelor’s, masters, Ph.D., and doctorate degrees in various subjects. The minimum requirement to be an essay writer with our essay writing service is to have a college diploma. When assigning your order, we match the paper subject with the area of specialization of the writer.
Why Choose Our Academic Writing Service?
Plagiarism free papers
Timely delivery
Any deadline
Skilled, Experienced Native English Writers
Subject-relevant academic writer
Adherence to paper instructions
Ability to tackle bulk assignments
Reasonable prices
24/7 Customer Support
Get superb grades consistently
How It Works
1. Place an order
You fill all the paper instructions in the order form. Make sure you include all the helpful materials so that our academic writers can deliver the perfect paper. It will also help to eliminate unnecessary revisions.
2. Pay for the order
Proceed to pay for the paper so that it can be assigned to one of our expert academic writers. The paper subject is matched with the writer’s area of specialization.
3. Track the progress
You communicate with the writer and know about the progress of the paper. The client can ask the writer for drafts of the paper. The client can upload extra material and include additional instructions from the lecturer. Receive a paper.
4. Download the paper
The paper is sent to your email and uploaded to your personal account. You also get a plagiarism report attached to your paper.
PLACE THIS ORDER OR A SIMILAR ORDER WITH Essay fount TODAY AND GET AN AMAZING DISCOUNT
The post phylum and anatomy of the major plant groups covered in lab appeared first on Essay fount.
What Students Are Saying About Us
.......... Customer ID: 12*** | Rating: ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐"Honestly, I was afraid to send my paper to you, but you proved you are a trustworthy service. My essay was done in less than a day, and I received a brilliant piece. I didn’t even believe it was my essay at first 🙂 Great job, thank you!"
.......... Customer ID: 11***| Rating: ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
"This company is the best there is. They saved me so many times, I cannot even keep count. Now I recommend it to all my friends, and none of them have complained about it. The writers here are excellent."
"Order a custom Paper on Similar Assignment at essayfount.com! No Plagiarism! Enjoy 20% Discount!"
