Match and pair the following basic genetic concepts with their respective descriptions/definitions:
______ 1. Gene a. Two different alleles
______ 2. Allele b. Observable heritable feature that may vary among organisms.
______ 3. Phenotype c. Two identical alleles
______ 4. Genotype d. Describes the specific alleles present in the offspring.
______ 5. Homozygous e. Segments of DNA responsible for producing a particular trait.
______ 6. Heterozygous f. Variants of a gene present for a particular character.
From the figure presented here, determine the following:Which letter(s) show a phenotype?
Which letter(s) show a genotype?
In letter (c), are we looking at a homozygous recessive,a homozygous dominant, or a heterozygous individual?
In letter (e), are we looking at a homozygous recessive,a homozygous dominant, or a heterozygous individual?
A and a are dominant and recessive alleles, respectively, of the same gene. Which genotype(s) would result in an individual with the dominant trait?
A) AA and aa
B) AA and aa
C) only AA
D) AA and Aa
E) only Aa
For Labrador retrievers, black fur color (B) is dominant to yellow fur color (b). If a heterozygous black male mated with a homozygous yellow female, what would the puppies look like? Determine the phenotypic ratios.
Step 1: Determine the genotype of the female and male Labradors.
Heterozygous black male: _______________ Homozygous yellow female: _______________
Step 2: Write/Type the cross between the two Labradors.
X
Step 3: Do a Punnett Square to determine the probable genotypes for the offspring and to determine the phenotypic ratio.
Step 4: Determine the Phenotype ratios of the progeny:
There are many humans’ traits that are fairly simple and that follow the Mendelian pattern of inheritance. However, most of our traits are much more complex, involving many genes or interactions between genes. For example, hair color is determined by at least four genes, each one coding for the productions of melanin, a brown pigment. Because the effect of these genes is cumulative, hair color can range from blonde (little melanin) to very dark brown (much melanin).2
Human traits are of great interest to us and there are few traits that seem to exhibit Mendelian inheritance, such as the ones shown below (this can be found in your lab manual).
Mid-digi
M
Mid-digital hair
Tongue rolling
Widow’s peak
Earlobe attachment
Hitchhiker’s thumb
Relative finger length
With the information provided in your lab manual, Section 13-3 (pages 172-174), choose one out the six traits presented here and complete the following table.
Table 13-8: Summary of My Mendelian Traits
Trait
My phenotype
My possible genotypes
Mom’s
Dad’s
My possible/Probable Genotype
Phenotype
Possible Genotype
Phenotype
Possible Genotype
The space provided here is for you to fill out the table after selecting which trait you will follow to complete the table.
REFERENCES
BIOL-101 Lab Manual: Lab Manual for Non-Majors Biology by Perry, Morton & Perry. 6th edition.
BIOL-101 Textbook: BIOLOGY: Today & Tomorrow w/o Physiology by Starr et.al. 5th edition
MEIOSIS AND SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Mitosis alone is not sufficient for every nuclear division that happens in an organism through its whole life cycle. Sexual reproduction requires meiosis, the process of nuclear division that takes place to produce gametes, or reproductive cells. During mitosis, we have that one duplication and division occurs, leaving the number of chromosomes in the daughter cells the same as that in the parental cell. In meiosis, the genetic material is halved, having one duplication event but two divisions occurring. This results in daughter cells containing only one-half the number of chromosomes as the parental cells. Mitosis is sometimes referred to as an equational division, while meiosis is often called reduction division.
Another difference between mitosis and meiosis is that mitosis produces identical daughter cells (clones), whereas in meiosis genetic variation is introduced, producing non-identical daughter cells. Genetic variation in Meiosis occurs during Prophase I with crossing over and during Metaphase I with the random alignment of homologous chromosomes in the metaphase plate.
Finally, mitosis is the basis for asexual reproduction, where no fusion of gametes is needed, whereas meiosis as stated above, is needed for sexual reproduction, where gametes are fused.
1. Label the following diagram with the phase of meiosis being shown (Interphase, Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II).
a.___________________ b. __________________ c. ____________________
d. __________________ e. ___________________ f. ____________________
a 2. Answer the following questions about the figure presented here.
During which stage during meiosis do the events presented here take place?
What is the specific name of the process shown in (a) and the name of the structure that is formed from this process?
Process Name:
Structure Name:
b
What is the specific name of the process shown in (b) and what results from this process?
Process Name:
What is the important of this event during meiosis?
3. From the Karyotype presented here:
Is the individual being examined here a female or a male?
How do you know that?
How do we call the chromosomes inside of the box on the top, left corner?
How do we call chromosomes #1-22?
How do we call chromosome #23?
REFERENCES
BIOL-101 Lab Manual: Lab Manual for Non-Majors Biology by Perry, Morton & Perry. 6th edition.
BIOL-101 Textbook: BIOLOGY: Today & Tomorrow w/o Physiology by Starr et.al. 5th edition
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