Description
Evidence Analysis/Literature Review Instructions What is a literature review? A literature review discusses published information in a particular subject area, and sometimes information in a particular subject area within a certain time period. A literature review can be just a simple summary of the sources, but it usually has an organizational pattern and combines both summary and synthesis. A summary is a recap of the important information of the source, but a synthesis is a re-organization, or a reshuffling, of that information. It might give a new interpretation of old material or combine new with old interpretations. Or it might trace the intellectual progression of the field, including major debates. And depending on the situation, the literature review may evaluate the sources and advise the reader on the most pertinent or relevant (this is what our aim is). The focus of our literature review is to summarize and synthesize the arguments and ideas of others without adding new contributions. Why do we write literature reviews? Literature reviews provide you with a handy guide to a particular topic. If you have limited time to conduct research, literature reviews can give you an overview or act as a stepping stone. For professionals, they are useful reports that keep them up to date with what is current in the field. For scholars, the depth and breadth of the literature review emphasizes the credibility of the writer in his or her field. Literature reviews also provide a solid background for a research paper’s investigation. Comprehensive knowledge of the literature of the field is essential to most research papers. What should I know before writing the literature review? Roughly, how many sources should you include? This literature review should consist of at LEAST 6 sources, but preferably 6 to 8, no more than 10, depending on the topic you choose. What types of sources (books, journal articles, and websites)? We would prefer that you use a combination of sources from books, journal articles, and websites, but they MUST be REPUTABLE and current, no older than a date of 2010. Should you summarize, synthesize, or critique your sources by discussing a common theme or issue? This will depend on the topic that you choose, but most of you will be more inclined to synthesize information. Should you provide subheadings and other background information, such as definitions and/or a history? Only if it is beneficial to the reader should you include these. You will pretend your reader has no prior knowledge of the subject. Helpful Hints on Where to Begin Find models: Look for other literature reviews in your area of interest or in the discipline and read them to get a sense of the types of themes you might want to look for in your own research or ways to organize your final review. Narrow your topic: There are hundreds or even thousands of articles and books on most areas of study. The narrower your topic, the easier it will be to limit the number of sources you need to read in order to get a good survey of the material. I do not expect you to read everything that’s out there on the topic, but you’ll make your job easier if you first limit your scope. And don’t forget to tap into your professor’s (or other professors’) knowledge in the field. Ask questions to help you to find and determine quickly the most seminal pieces in the field. Consider whether your sources are current: Some disciplines require that you use information that is as current as possible. In the sciences, for instance, treatments for medical problems are constantly changing according to the latest studies. Information even two years old could be obsolete. Try sorting through some other current bibliographies or literature reviews in the field to get a sense of what your discipline expects. You can also use this method to consider what is currently of interest to scholars in this field and what is not. Strategies for Writing the Literature Review Find a focus: A literature review, like a term paper, is usually organized around ideas. This means that you will not just simply list your sources and go into detail about each one of them, one at a time. No. As you read widely but selectively in your topic area, consider instead what themes or issues connect your sources together. Do they present one or different solutions? Is there an aspect of the field that is missing? How well do they present the material and do they portray it according to an appropriate theory? Do they reveal a trend in the field? A raging debate? Pick one of these themes to focus the organization of your review. Convey it to your reader: A literature review may not have a traditional thesis statement (one that makes an argument), but you do need to tell readers what to expect. If you don’t explicitly state it, we (your readers) should be able to figure out “your question.” Consider organization: You’ve got a focus, and you’ve stated it clearly and directly. Now what is the most effective way of presenting the information? What are the most important topics, subtopics, etc., that your review needs to include? And in what order should you present them? Develop an organization for your review at both a global and local level (= your outline). First, cover the basic categories: Must contain at least three basic elements: an introduction or background information section; Introduction: Gives a quick idea of the topic of the literature review, such as the central theme or organizational pattern. the body of the review containing the discussion of sources; and, finally, Body: Contains your discussion of sources and is organized either chronologically, thematically, or methodologically (see below for more information on each). a conclusion and recommendations section to end the paper. Conclusions: Discuss what you have drawn from reviewing literature so far. Recommendations: Where might this discussion proceed? Organizing the body: Once you have the basic categories in place, then you must consider how you will present the sources themselves within the body of your paper. Create an organizational method to focus this section even further. Chronological – according to when they were published By trend – not necessarily chronologically Thematic – around a topic or issue Methodological – methods of the researcher Other information you might want to include: Current Situation: Information necessary to understand the topic or focus of the literature review. History: The chronological progression of the field, the literature, or an idea that is necessary to understand the literature review, if the body of the literature review is not already a chronology. Methods and/or Standards: The criteria you used to select the sources in your literature review or the way in which you present your information. For instance, you might explain that your review includes only peer-reviewed articles and journals. Questions for Further Research: What questions about the field has the review sparked? How will you further your research as a result of the review? Begin Composing Use evidence: Your interpretation of the available sources must be backed up with evidence to show that what you are saying is valid. Be selective: Select only the most important points in each source to highlight in the review. The type of information you choose to mention should relate directly to the review’s focus, whether it is thematic, methodological, or chronological. Use quotes sparingly: The survey nature of the literature review does not allow for in-depth discussion or detailed quotes from the text. Some short quotes here and there are okay, though, if you want to emphasize a point, or if what the author said just cannot be rewritten in your own words. Do quote certain terms that were coined by the author, not common knowledge, or taken directly from the study. Summarize and synthesize: Remember to summarize and synthesize your sources within each paragraph as well as throughout the review. Keep your own voice: While the literature review presents others’ ideas, your voice (the writer’s) should remain front and center. Weave references to other sources into your own text, but maintain your own voice by starting and ending the paragraph with your own ideas and your own words. Use caution when paraphrasing: When paraphrasing a source that is not your own, be sure to represent the author’s information or opinions accurately and in your own words. Provide ample notation in the text when the ideas you are mentioning are not your own. For more information, we will discuss more information in this course on plagiarism in the coming weeks. Revise, revise, revise: Draft in hand? Now you’re ready to revise. Spending a lot of time revising is a wise idea, because your main objective is to present the material, not the argument. So check over your review again to make sure it follows the assignment and/or your outline. Be sure to use terminology familiar to your audience; get rid of unnecessary jargon or slang. Finally, double check that you’ve documented your sources and formatted the review appropriately for your discipline. And please, check your work for spelling and grammatical errors! ( These will cost you!)
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