Chloroplasts are the organelles present inside the cell of plants and some protists like algae that enables green plants and some green algae to conduct photosynthesis. Chloroplasts possess a pigment called chlorophyll which converts the light energy from sun into sugar which is used by the cells of plants. Chloroplasts were first discovered by Hugo von Mohl in the year 1873 as discrete bodies present in geen plant cells. In the year 1883, A.F.W Schimper named these discrete bodies as “Chloroplastids” Later in the year 1884; Eduard Strasburger renamed “Chloroplastids” to “Chloroplast”. A chloroplast is type of plastid which is characterized by high concentration of chlorophyll and two membranes. Leucoplast and chromoplast are the type plastids which contains little chlorophyll which does not do photosynthesis.
Chloroplasts are known to have originated from cyanobacteria through endosymbiosis this occurs when a eukaryotic cell engulfs a photosynthesizing cyanobacterium then the bacterium stays permanently in the cell. Chloroplasts are dynamic in nature and they tend to move and circulate and divide within the plant cell. Their behavior in the cell is motivated by the environmental factors for example intensity and color of light.
Function Of Chloroplast
Chloroplast carryout photosynthesis, in green plants and eukaryotic algal cells. This is done by converting light energy into biological energy which is stored in the form of organic molecules and sugar that are used by alga and plant as food.
There are two stages of photosynthesis, and these stages are named as light reaction stage and dark reaction stage. The dark reaction takes place in the stroma present in chloroplast.
During the dark reaction, the production of ATP by photophosphorylation and NAPDH2 are the parallel powers of photosynthesis.
In order to generate energy which is in the form of ATP, chloroplast uses potential energy of hydrogen ions.
The chloroplast with endoplasmic reticulum, cell membrane and nucleus are the main organelles for pathogen defense in plant cell.
Structure Of The Chloroplast
Chloroplast is oval-shaped with two membranes: the outer membrane is the external covering of the chloroplast and the internal membrane lies beneath the outer membrane. The inter-membrane space between the outer and inner membrane is about 10-20 nanometers. The space lies within the chloroplast’s inner membrane is known as stroma. Within the stroma there are tiny disc like structure which is known as thylakoids. The thylakoids are piled on one another, the pile of thylakoids are called as granum. These thylakoids contain carotenoids and chlorophyll. The chloroplast also contains ribosomes, plastoglobulus and starch granules.
Figure1: Chloroplast of Plant Cell
Vacuoles
Vacuole generally means “empty space” is a membrane bound organelle present inside the cell of animal, plant, fungi, some protist cells. The vacuoles are closed compartments generally filled with water consisting organic and inorganic molecules which also include enzymes in the solution. The formation of vacuole occurs due to fusion of membrane vesicles. Vacuoles do not possess any particulate shape and size, with the requirement of cell vacuole structure varies. The plant cell has central vacuole which is enclosed by a membrane called as tonoplast.
Spallazani in the year 1776, first observed contractile vacuole in protozoa, however it was mistaken for respiratory organ. In 1841, Dujardin named those substances as vacuole. Later in 1885, the vacuole membrane was named as tonoplast.
Function Of Vacuole
Vacuole helps to maintain a balance between productions (biogenesis) and degradation of cell structures and many substances in some organism.
Vacuole also helps to recycle the misfolded proteins accumulated in the cell and support lysis.
Vacuole acts as a storage organelle of water with other molecules for examples like fat cells store lipid in vacuoles.
The vacuole exerts a pressure as turgor pressure, which help the cells to get a form and keep strong pace from wind, hail and rain.
Vacuoles have the ability to expand which indicates that the organism can lose or gain wait without losing or creating many cells.
Vacuoles are responsible for spotting harmful materials and waste products.
Vacuoles also contain some of the pigments which gives color to certain flowers.
It helps to balance the pH of the cell, and store protein for seed germination.
There are other various substances which are present inside the vacuole of plants which are found to be useful for human beings such as rubber, opium and garlic flavoring.
Structure Of Vacuole
There is no definite shape and size of vacuole, the vacuole includes many membrane-bound sac. The membrane contains phospholipids but phospholipids differ from organism to organism. Proteins are embedded within the membrane which helps to transport the molecules across the membranes. There is different type of proteins which helps vacuole to hold different type of substances. The structure of the vacuole plays an important role in molecular degradation.
Figure2: Vacuole of Plant Cell
Figure3: Vacuole of Animal Cell
Difference Between Chloroplast And Vacuole
Chloroplast
Vacuole
Chloroplast is only found in green plant cell and eukaryotic alga.
Vacuoles are found in both animal and plant cell.
Chloroplast are responsible for carrying out photosynthesis in green plants
Vacuole is responsible for storing necessary substances which will be required by the organism.
Chloroplast is smaller compared to vacuole.
Vacuole do not possess any particulate structure
Chloroplast consists molecules of chlorophyll
Vacuole is filled with fluid of different inorganic and organic molecules.
The average number of chloroplast in plant is 100
There is only one vacuole in plant
The post Explain Chloroplasts and Vacuoles with their function, structure and diagram? What are the difference between Chloroplasts and Vacuoles? appeared first on Homework Aider.
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