Description
This is an online discussion question for Celebrity Culture class to answer. I had attached the sample of how to answer the discussion and the related theory ppt slides please check it out.
Using Dyer’s methodological approach, analyse the following images of Hollywood stars, Bette Davis and Marilyn Monroe. Discuss and provide examples to support your answer.
Exp Answer method
Richard Dyer developed Star Theory – a theory that suggests that star image is a manufactured and artificial image, and that stars create or embody their own unique selling points (brand values) to attract the public’s attention.
Theoretically, there are two paradoxes that Dyer believes in:
The star has to be both ordinary and extraordinary. This is where the star portrays themselves as relatable people, ordinary. But they are also extraordinary in other ways, ways that we cant relate but want to achieve that life.
The star has to be both present and absent. This is where the star has to be present in our life, our daily conversations, our style, our decisions, etc. They are actively participating in our lives through our thoughts, emotions, words and decisions. But, they are also absent. They are not actually there in present day, they do not know you or talk to you in reality. This hyper-realityis what they are striving to achieve.
This Star Theory benefits celebrities because it motivates audiences to adore them, support them and keep them socially relevant. When it comes to Bette Davis and Marilyn Monroe, they both embodied the theory of having a star image.
Better Davis is one of Hollywood’s legendary leading ladies in the industry. She has made over 100 appearances in movies and won countless awards for her performances. She has a star image for being poise, beautiful, artistic and professional. Both women and men during that time adored her for her beauty and elegance in movies and award shows. She had always put on a façade of being happy and content with her life, when in reality she had faced numerous downfalls in her personal life. She’s been married 4 times and ended up a divorce by the end of her life, she also had breast cancer in the middle of her career. However, despite experiencing these unexpected events, she had always put on a brave and strong front for the public. People always looked at her as a leading women who had strength and bravery throughout all the difficult times in her life, which earned her the title forever to be as one of the legendary leading ladies of Hollywood.
Marilyn Monroe, infamously known as one of the biggest sex symbols in the world. She is known all over the world for decades for being one of the most beautiful, sexy and intriguing celebrity is Hollywood. Although first starting out as a model, she became famously known for her sexy and desirable roles in Hollywood movies and later on, her alleged love affairs with both Robert and John Kennedy. At that time, the public and media would constantly glorify her star image of being this desirable and beautiful woman, the woman every man wants and every woman wants to be. However, behind the scenes was this depressed, emotional and lost woman. Marilyn hid her true self behind this image she had built of herself, and it ended in demise. She had been diagnosed with depression and was on medication during the last few years of her young life and started to move out of the spotlight by not starring in films and being in public. Her life, at only 35 years of age, ended tragically when she died in her home due to an overdose. The Monroe story has opened doors to many celebrities to be more honest and open with their problems and feelings. Had she been more focused on herself and her health, instead of presenving her star image, maybe she would have lived a longer more happier life.
Exp 2:
Using Dyer’s methodological approach, it can be analyzed that ‘Star Theory’ by Richard Dyer suggested that a star’s meta-narrative impacts on the consumption by the audience. He discussed that the star image is manufactured and artificial and that individual stars have their own unique selling point and brand values in order to grab and hold our attention, for example: Kylie Jenner’s makeup, Lady Gaga’s hair and more.
Richard Dyer also suggested two key paradoxes. Dyer suggested that a star image simultaneously has two contradictory representations.
A star requires and has to be both ordinary & extraordinary. This part of the theory means the star needs to be ordinary to allow the audience to relate to the audience but possess an extraordinary talent or quality which will make them be idolised by the general public.
The star must be both present and absent. The second half of the theory explains that the star must be present in our lives whether it is through their merchandise, social media or involved in chat between friends but also absent in the fact that they are not actually there or are ‘out of reach’.
In this context, we can understand that Marilyn Monroe, she was one of America’s most well-known stars to come out of Hollywood. Though the peak of her career was in the 1950s and 1960s, Marilyn Monroe’s stardom has lasted until even today. Almost half a century later both her name and image are still easily recognizable, a sign of how well her legacy has endured. Her star persona developed through the films she performed in, playing characters such as “the girl” and “the blonde.” These roles highlighted her beauty and established her sense of “to-be-looked-at-ness.” These qualities and appeals to the male gaze eventually became defining features of Monroe’s stardom. Through the combination of both on- and off-screen construction, Monroe developed as a star, known as an American sex symbol. Monroe’s star persona as a sex symbol developed alongside the 1950s new ideals regarding sexuality. Her rise to stardom as well as her successful career are indicative of the general phenomenon of stardom as a whole. In perhaps the most tragic paradox of stardom, nearly all of American knew Marilyn Monroe, but very few people knew the real “ non-star” version of her.
On top of that, Bette Davis is remembered as one of Hollywood’s legendary leading ladies, famous for her larger-than-life persona and for her nearly 100 film appearances. After a brief theater career, she became one of the biggest stars in the Hollywood studio system, appearing in nearly 100 films before her death in 1989. Bette Davis’s star persona as an artistic, elegant and beautiful developed alongside the 1980s. She experienced a hard time during her marriage life, and ended up still getting a divorce. Also, despite health problems in her late years, including a fight against breast cancer, Davis continued acting. The close door story that people do not understand, she always possessed a positive vibes to the media and public. People also viewed her as a role model, brave, independent and strong woman who will empower herself despite all the difficulties that she had been through.
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