During this module you are required to read the following in Ethical Choices, 2nd edition:
Introduction, pp. 150-151
Kant’s Good Will, pp. 155-156
Kant’s Principle of Ends, pp. 157-159
Kant’s Principle of Universal Law, pp. 160-161, up to “Principle of universal law: act only in accordance with a maxim that you can at the same time (rationally) will to be a universal law or principle.”
Part I
The information that you will need for the discussion can be found in Case 13d, p. 49;of Thinking Critically About Ethical Issues. For one of this case, identify the parties and the moral issue(s) at stake, keeping an eye out for similarities that it shares with the other cases. Concentrate on identifying which universal moral duties are at stake; also assess how the principle of respect for persons applies to the cases.
Part II
In this week’s module, we saw that Kant took the notion of a will that is not subjected to a chain of predetermining causes as the lynchpin of his moral system. Kant recognized that it is because we happen to be to some extent free to choose our courses of action that it makes any sense at all to speak of praising or blaming us for those actions. However, we also saw that Kant admitted there to be a faculty of choice by which our desires and beliefs—the things that we experience ourselves as having and that are caused by prior events—shape and cause the decisions we make. What this means therefore is that, according to Kant, human choice is problematic because it is capable of being viewed from two separate and seemingly incompatible perspectives, simultaneously:
1. As part of a chain of causes and so, being determined by it. (a thesis in metaphysics known as Determinism)
2. As standing outside a chain of causes (a metaphysical thesis known as the Free Will thesis)
Provide a description of human choice that can be seen to exemplify both of the above perspectives. (Note you may either choose to describe a different human choice or action for each of the two perspectives, or describe the same choice from the standpoint of both perspectives at once). Do you think it is possible, as Kant did, to view human choice and action as being both free and caused, or was Kant mistaken, and are these positions mutually exclusive?
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