Description
The instructions are in the attached file. You must read it over carfullyyyyy because there are many things to cover and lots of things to avoid. The sources are provided in the file, and you can use additional sources if it’s reliable. You can also use the course textbook. You can see the textbook through this link(https://ecampusontario.pressbooks.pub/intropsych2cdn/). I set the word count as in 1800. The word range is 1200-1800 but never going over 1800 words because it will not be read.
PSY 105 Written Assignment Fall 2020
Overview:
Please choose one of the two topics listed (Topic 1 is Eating Disorders and is on pages 6 – 8 of this document; Topic 2 is Pet Therapy and is on pages 9 – 11 of this document) and then please answer all the questions for your chosen topic (so do all the questions in Part A and all the questions in Part B for your chosen topic).
Please do not ever copy/cut and paste from another source. This is unacceptable and will result in a substantial penalty. Instead, what students are asked to do in this paper is:
Always state an idea in your own words. Do not ever use the words of someone else, whether it is from a webpage or an article or the textbook.
Then, always include a reference in text for the source where the idea you are using comes from. This weblink tells you how to properly cite sources in text: https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/in_text_citations_author_authors.html
Note that papers are being marked for proper referencing, and not referencing the source of an idea will result in a substantial penalty. Every idea in the paper that is not solely your opinion needs a citation (so an in-text reference of where the idea comes from).
The PSY105 paper is due by 11:59 pm on Monday November 23, 2020. You will upload your paper to D2L. Please go to the course website, then click Assessment, then Assignments, then Essay Assignment, where you will upload your paper. The D2L Essay Assignment folder is connected automatically to the plagiarism checking programme TurnItIn. You may upload either a Microsoft word file or a pdf file; no other file types can be used. Please avoid special characters such as ! in the file name.
After uploading your paper, you must click Submit to complete the submission.
All students must submit their paper to D2L. Students’ papers will be marked on D2L. All papers will receive a paper mark on D2L, as well as a break-down of how the mark was determined.
Students who would like additional feedback on their paper (any student is welcome to do this, but usually it is students who are minoring in psychology or who are planning to take more psychology courses in the future) are asked to email Professor Vickers (to say this) when their paper is done and also in that email include (attach) a word document copy of their paper. Additional feedback will only be made in the emailed paper. All students still need to submit their papers to D2L online.
If there is no approved request for academic consideration, late papers will receive a penalty of 5% off for each day late. No extensions will be granted unless a student has submitted an academic consideration form to their program. If your paper will be late, please let Professor Vickers know this before the paper is due (and please indicate the reason why). Documentation for a late paper should be given to a student’s program within 3 working days of the due date.
Your paper should be a 1,200-1,800-word written assignment. The word count includes the entire paper except for the References page so the total number of words included in the Title page and text pages, all taken together (everything except the References page), must not be less than 1,200 words. A penalty of 10% will be assigned to a paper that is less than 1,200 words (not counting References), and words over the 1,800 word limit will not be read or marked. If a student wishes to write a slightly longer paper (so slightly longer than 1,800 words), please email Professor Vickers ahead of time (so by Monday November 23 at 5pm) and explain why you would like to write a slightly longer paper. Professor Vickers will then approve the student to write a slightly longer paper, up to 2,000 words (not counting References).
Include the word count on the Title page of your paper.
Make sure to answer all the questions listed for the topic you choose.
Do not use quotes in your paper. Papers including a direct quote will be penalized a 5% penalty. Paraphrasing is an acceptable practice. The idea with paraphrasing is to write about the ideas/concepts/findings presented by the original authors in the article, but you write about it in your own words, without transplanting the original language. When you paraphrase, you must still cite the original authors appropriately. You should acknowledge all sources in your essay using correct referencing.
Consider this assignment to have two major objectives: Objective (1) is presenting accurate, complete, and thoughtful responses to the issues mentioned in the chosen topic, and Objective (2) is doing so in a written form that is clear, coherent, and consistent with APA format for referencing sources. For both objectives, please keep in mind that writing in liberal studies courses emphasizes clarity of organization, logic, syntax, and grammar of student writing, and these attributes will form part of the basis upon which the assignment will be evaluated.
You are expected to work on this assignment independently. Present your own work. Plagiarism is a serious offence. Professor Vickers will thoroughly investigate any instance in which a paper’s responses are extremely similar to other papers, articles, or online content. Additionally, you cannot use written work you yourself did in another course. This assignment must be an original presentation of your justified thoughts, bolstered by the empirical research.
FAQ
Below, please see answers to some frequently asked questions about the paper:
What type of paper am I writing? Am I supposed to have three paragraphs plus an introduction and conclusion like in some writing classes? There is no “right” structure for this paper and no need to count paragraphs. I do recommend an introductory paragraph and a conclusion paragraph (see each topic for ideas of content for the introduction and conclusion). But otherwise any number of paragraphs is fine.
Can I use the word “I” and mention this is my opinion? Yes you can indeed say “I think…” and “in my opinion:” etc. So this is a different kind of paper than the ones you may have written for English classes. But your writing still needs to be polished and professional; this means no slang or casual words (e.g., “a bunch of stuff” is not good writing—one would rephrase as “numerous factors.”) Please note: When you give your opinion in this kind of paper, you should be presenting your informed opinion that is justified.
Should I use headings in the paper? (e.g., Part A, Part B, or headings I make up). You can if you want to, but it’s not required; with or without headings is fine.
How do I put my assignment together? Include a title page (that gives the title of your paper, your name, PSY105 as your course plus your section of PSY105, Professor Vickers as your instructor, the date, and the word count for your paper). Also include a References list (here you will list, in APA format, all the articles you used in the paper. There will be three (or more) articles listed—the three articles you are required to read plus any you find on your own (which is optional; you can find and use other articles, but it is not required to do so). Please format your paper as follows: Double-spaced, 12-point font, Times New Roman font (or equivalent) with 1-inch margins all around.
How do I cite sources? Use APA format for referencing. This is a psychology course, and thus you are expected to use the conventions for referencing as specified by the American Psychological Association (APA) for this writing assignment. This means: Include a reference page. In APA style, the title on the reference page is “References”, NOT “works cited” or “bibliography”. Use proper citations (see the weblinks below)
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/in_text_citations_author_authors.html (for citing sources within your paper)
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/reference_list_basic_rules.html
(for citing articles in your References)
Do I have to use other sources (in addition to the 3 you give us?) No. You are not required to use additional sources and it is not a part of your paper grade. But you are welcome to use other sources, as long as the source is scientific and you cite it in your paper. A scientific source is a book from an expert or a journal article or a webpage from a scientific organization. (So, nothing against Wikipedia, but it would not be considered scientific in this sense and should not be used in this type of paper). Please ask Professor Vickers if you have any questions about this.
May I use the textbook? Yes. If you would like to use your textbook, please cite it in your paper’s References list as:
Stangor, C., & Walinga, J. (2014) Introduction to Psychology – 1st Canadian edition. BCCAMPUS: Victoria, BC, Canada. Retrieved from https://opentextbc.ca/introductiontopsychology/
And please cite it in your paper’s text as (Stangor &Walinga, 2014)
How can I search for psychology articles? It is optional to search for and use additional articles. If a student would like to do this, many psychology journals are available either electronically through the library. To find appropriate articles, go to the Ryerson library main page at https://library.ryerson.ca/ Then click “Articles”, then “Article Databases – by Name (A-Z)”. Next, there will be a link to “PsycInfo” – click there (you may be asked to log in at this point) and search for topics that you are interested in. A good way to do this is through the Advanced Search button. Here, use major terms that you are interested in (e.g., anxiety). Put each major term on a line (put 2-word major terms such as bulimia nervosa in quotes on the same line – “bulimia nervosa”) and indicate that you are looking for those words to occur in the Abstract. Then connect the words with the AND option. The next step is to either refine the search further (e.g., add other search words and do another advanced search), or if you are pleased with the search, you can start reading through the listed articles’ summaries. When you come across one that you find interesting, you can download it (for free). You should not be paying for articles; any online request for payment is an error for enrolled students. Most articles can be acquired this way; occasionally, you will see an article that Ryerson doesn’t have online. If so, you may need to go in person to the Ryerson library. If Ryerson does not have the article at all, you will use the Inter-Library Loan service (RACER).
What kind of study should I propose in Part B of my paper? You should propose an experiment (refer to your textbook Chapter 3). Descriptive research is not acceptable. This means that merely a survey, for example, is not the right kind of study to propose. (A survey could be part of the experiment, but an experiment means there is a factor whose presence or absence the researcher controls, plus random assignment to conditions, so just giving a survey is not enough). The experiment should be ethical (meaning participants and society would not be harmed in any way). The experiment should involve psychology (mental processes and/or behavior.) The experiment should be possible to do in the real-world. As long as you are proposing an ethical, practical, psychological experiment that is your idea (you can start with an idea mentioned in an article or webpage, but always adapt the idea into your own study idea), then you are welcome to suggest any idea of interest to you.
Am I supposed to propose a study idea in Part B that no one has ever thought of? It is fine if your study idea has been done in a somewhat similar way before. You do want to put your own spin on your idea and thus make it your idea. There are many ways to do this and all are right; as long as you are proposing your own idea (in your own way and in your own words), that will be fine. For example, you may propose using different participants (e.g., students rather than working community members) that have not been used/considered before and you will likely use different operational definitions (refer to chapter 3 if this word is unclear).
When I read an article, and it cites another article (that I did not read), which article do I cite in my paper? In this class, you should cite only the article you read. So for example, if you read an article by More (2017), but More cites an article by Thorton (2000) that you find interesting, only cite the article you read, so in the example, cite only the article by More (2017).
Do I need an Abstract for my paper? No, just a title page.
What else should I do to make sure everything goes well with my paper? Please read the instructions and answer all parts of the chosen topic. Please pass your paper in on time. Please keep an electronic copy of your Written Assignment. In the unlikely event that your D2L electronic assignment is unable to be opened, you will be required to produce a copy within 24 hours. Please contact Professor Vickers (kvickers@ryerson.ca) if you have any questions. Thanks!
Topic #1: Eating Disorders
First, read the following 3 articles. All are posted for you in the Library E-Reserves Folder on D2L. To get to the articles, go to Resources, then Library E-Reserves.
Franklin, J. C., Schiele, B. C., Brožek, J., & Keys, A. (1948). Observations of human behavior in experimental semistarvation and rehabilitation. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 4, 28-45.
Harrison, A., Mountford, V.A., & Tchanturia, K. (2014). Social anhedonia and work and social functioning in the acute and recovered phases of eating disorders. Psychiatry Research, 218, 187-194.
Want, S. C., Vickers, K., & Amos, J. (2009). The influence of television programs on appearance satisfaction: Making and mitigating social comparisons to “Friends.” Sex Roles, 60, 642-655.
Now you are ready to write your paper. (If you have questions about what eating disorders are, you may find the following webpage helpful, but this is not required.)
https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/eating-disorders/index.shtml If you do decide to use this webpage, please cite it in your paper’s References list as
National Institute of Mental Health. (2016). Eating disorders. Retrieved from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/eating-disorders/index.shtml
And please cite it in your paper’s text as (National Institute of Mental Health, 2016). You may also use other webpages or sources in your paper, as long as they are scientific and you make sure to cite them it your paper.
Introductory Paragraph of Topic 1. (This is just a suggestion for what to put in the introductory paragraph. You are welcome to write a different kind of introduction, but if you are unsure what to write, here is the appropriate content for the introductory paragraph):
Begin with a general statement (in your own words) that eating disorders adversely affect people. Explain what eating disorders are (in your own words; do not copy text from a webpage or article). Overview one reason why it is important to study eating disorders. Finish your Introductory Paragraph with a purpose statement usually best written as “The purpose of this paper is…” (For example, you could write the purpose is [restate in your own words] to use research to describe the risk factors and treatment for eating disorders and then to propose a study to investigate ways to reduce eating disorders.)
Part A of Topic 1: Please answer the following. (You can also include here other information and ideas that you found important or interesting in the readings, if you want to, but make sure to address these issues. Please do not copy and paste any text from any article; content in the paper must be stated in your own words. You should know the meaning of every word in your paper, so avoid scientific terminology that you yourself would not use):
Referring to the article by Franklin et al. (1948), what are the psychological effects of restricted food intake that may continue even after normal eating resumes? Considering this article’s findings, clearly explain how dieting could be a cause of an eating disorder.
Referring to the article by Want et al. (2009), describe one major finding (in your own words) and why it is important, in your opinion. (There are several major findings; please choose whichever one is of interest to you). Based on this article, make a suggestion about how to help prevent eating disorders. Should researchers advise that people simply do not watch television, or do you think that there a better and less extreme way to tackle the media effects on appearance satisfaction? Please explain your answer.
Referring to the article by Harrison et al. (2014) explain (in your own words; do not copy and paste) what is meant by social anhedonia and one reason why social anhedonia could be important to study in eating disorders. In your opinion, why would people with eating disorders tend to have high levels of social anhedonia? (Please state your thoughts in your own words; do not copy from article)
End Part A by explaining (in your own words ) that psychology needs more research to understand how to reduce eating disorders.
Part B of Topic 1. Now it is time to think about proposing your own experiment about how to reduce or prevent eating disorders. Note: you will not do this study but are asked to think about how you would do a study. Please note that you are to propose an experiment (see chapter 2 of the textbook if you have questions about what an experiment is). The experiment should have the goal of reducing eating disorders. The experiment you propose must be a psychological study; it must involve behavior and/or mental processes. The experiment must also be ethical as well as practical to do in the real world. To come up with an idea for your proposed experiment, you can start with an idea mentioned in the articles you read in Part A above and adapt this idea into your own particular interest (always present your own idea, in your own words; cite the article that gave you this idea). Or you can come up with an idea entirely on your own that was not mentioned in the articles you read.
Note that for Part B, students are allowed to start with an idea from another source (so start with an idea from an article or webpage), but that is only step one. After this step, please
Make sure the idea for your proposed study in Part B is stated in your own words (not copied from the source)
Include a reference for where the idea comes from
And finally, please change and adapt the study idea you are starting with (from someone else) to make it into your own idea. You should consider changing who will be in your proposed study, how variables will be measured, and what, exactly, will happen in the experiment.
After you have chosen the idea that you would like to study in a research setting (you will not actually be doing this study; your task is simply to think of a possible study), answer the following questions about your proposed study:
What specific question—or hypothesis—will your experiment be examining? Why is this particular idea important to study?
Who will be the participants in your study (e.g., women and men at university, or children in kindergarten, or another sample), and why will you choose these participants? Describe specifically how you will obtain your sample of participants.
What will be the Independent Variable in your experiment? What will be the Dependent Variable in your study? What operational definitions will you use? What will participants assigned to your Experimental Group do in the study? What will participants assigned to your Control Group do in the study? How will you use random assignment to assign participants to groups?
What results do you predict (you are just guessing here—because you will not do the actual study) that you will get? If you got those results, how would they make a contribution to researchers’ understanding of how to reduce or prevent eating disorders? Since no research is perfect, what would be some limitations (or weaknesses) in your proposed study?
What ethical concerns would you address in your study, and how would you do so?
Conclusion Paragraph of Topic 1. Conclude by summarizing the purpose of your paper, then briefly (a few sentences only) what you found out in reading the articles during Part A of the paper, and then briefly, why your study (proposed in Part B) would be important to conduct.
Topic # 2: Pet Therapy
First, read the following 3 articles. All are posted for you in the Library E-Reserves Folder on D2L. To get to the articles, go to Resources, then Library E-Reserves.
Ein, N., Hadad, M., Reed, M., & Vickers, K. (2019). Does visual exposure to one’s pet during the Mental Arithmetic Task reduce stress levels? Anthrozoös, 32(4), 519-532.
Fiocco, A. J., & Hunse, A. M. (2017). The buffer effect of therapy dog exposure on stress reactivity in undergraduate students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(7), 707.
Polheber, J. P., & Matchock, R. L. (2014). The presence of a dog attenuates cortisol and heart rate in the Trier Social Stress Test compared to human friends. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 37(5), 860-867.
Now you are ready to write your paper. (If you have questions about pet therapy, you may find the following webpage helpful, but this is not required.)
https://www.psychologytoday.com/ca/therapy-types/animal-assisted-therapy If you do decide to use this webpage, please cite it in your paper’s References list as
Psychology Today. (2019). Animal-assisted therapy. Retrieved from https://www.psychologytoday.com/ca/therapy-types/animal-assisted-therapy
And please cite it in your paper’s text as (Psychology Today, 2019). You may also use other webpages or sources in your paper, as long as they are scientific and you make sure to cite them it your paper.
Introductory Paragraph of Topic 2. (This is just a suggestion for what to put in the introductory paragraph. You are welcome to write a different kind of introduction, but if you are unsure what to write, here is the appropriate content for the introductory paragraph):
Begin with a general statement (in your own words) that pet therapy (also called animal-assisted therapy or animal-assisted activities) can help people. Explain what this type of therapy is (in your own words; do not copy text from a webpage or article). Overview one reason why it is important to study pet therapy. Finish your Introductory Paragraph with a purpose statement usually best written as “The purpose of this paper is…” (For example, you could write the purpose is [restate in your own words] to describe research on pet therapy and then to propose a study to investigate pet therapy.)
Part A of Topic 2: Please answer the following. (You can also include here other information and ideas that you found important or interesting in the readings, if you want to, but make sure to address these issues. Please do not copy and paste any text from any article; content in the paper must be stated in your own words. You should know the meaning of every word in your paper, so avoid scientific terminology that you yourself would not use):
Referring to the Polheber and Matchock (2014) study, describe one major finding and why it is important, in your opinion. (There are several major findings; please choose whichever one is of interest to you). Do you think that this article supports the idea that pets directly reduce stress (make sure to explain what stress is in your answer), or is more research needed? Explain your answer.
Referring to the Fiocco and Hunse (2017) article, describe one major finding and why it is important, in your opinion. How does the stressor used in this study differ from the stressor used in the work done by Polheber and Matchock (2014)? Do you think it is important to have studies use different stressors to investigate the effect of pet therapy on stress, or should the same stressor ideally be used in all such studies? Explain your answer.
Referring to the Ein et al. (2019) article, explain one advantage of having those particular 6 groups the researchers used (rather than just having 2 groups, so people either seeing a photo of their personal pet, or seeing a blank screen). In your opinion, why did participants who viewed a picture of their personal pet not have a reduced stress response to the task? Based on this article, in your opinion, should researchers suggest that: When pet owners are under stress in public places where pets are not allowed, they look at a picture of their personal pet? Explain your answer.
Part B of Topic 2. Now it is time to think about proposing your own experiment about how to further understand the effects of pet therapy. Note: you will not do this study but are asked to think about how you would do a study. Please note that you are to propose an experiment (see chapter 2 of the textbook if you have questions about what an experiment is). The experiment should have the goal of further understanding the effects of pet therapy on psychological well-being. The experiment you propose must be a psychological study—it must involve behavior and/or mental processes. The experiment must also be ethical as well as practical to do in the real world. To come up with an idea for your proposed experiment, you can start with an idea mentioned in the articles you read in Part A above and adapt this idea into your own particular interest (always present your own idea, in your own words; cite the article that gave you this idea). Or you can come up with an idea entirely on your own that was not mentioned in the articles you read.
Note that for Part B, students are allowed to start with an idea from another source (so start with an idea from an article or webpage), but that is only step one. After this step, please
Make sure the idea for your proposed study in Part B is stated in your own words (not copied from the source)
Include a reference for where the idea comes from
And finally, please change and adapt the study idea you are starting with (from someone else) to make it into your own idea. You should consider changing who will be in your proposed study, how variables will be measured, and what, exactly, will happen in the experiment
After you have chosen the idea that you would like to study in a research setting (you will not actually be doing this study—your task is simply to think of a possible study), answer the following questions about your proposed study:
What specific question—or hypothesis—will your experiment be examining? Why is this particular idea important to study?
Who will be the participants in your study (e.g., women and men at university, or children in kindergarten, or another sample), and why will you choose these participants? Describe specifically how you will obtain your sample of participants.
What will be the Independent Variable in your experiment? What will be the Dependent Variable in your study? What operational definitions will you use for the Independent Variable and for the Dependent Variable? What will participants assigned to your Experimental Group do in the study? What will participants assigned to your Control Group do in the study? How will you use random assignment to assign participants to groups?
What results do you predict (you are just guessing here—because you will not do the actual study) that you will get? If you got those results, how would they make a contribution to researchers’ understanding of the effects of pet therapy? Since no research is perfect, what would be some limitations (or weaknesses) in your proposed study?
What ethical concerns would you address in your study, and how would you do so?
Conclusion Paragraph of Topic 2. Conclude by summarizing the purpose of your paper, then briefly (a few sentences only) what you found out in reading the articles during Part A of the paper, and then briefly, why your study (proposed in Part B) would be important to conduct.
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