Assignment 5
Answer three questions: one from each of the following pairs. Individual answers should be between 350 and 500 words.
1a. Assume that a statement about what one prudentially ought to do is about what advances one’s own welfare. Assume that a statement about what one morally ought to do is about what advances one’s interest in the welfare of others and one’s reciprocal and cooperative relationships with them. What, given these assumptions, are the necessary and sufficient conditions for the truth of the statements (a) that one prudentially ought to do X? and (b) that one morally ought to do X? If we understand moral statements in this way, do we have reason to expect that they will often be both truth and binding on people? If so, what makes them so? To what extent, if any, can agents sincerely and realistically rebuff claims about what they morally ought to do by renouncing the values that such claims are based on? What, if this occurs, should our response be?
1b. In the late 18th century David Hume grounded morality partly in a concern for others he called “benevolence,” which he took to be part of human nature, and partly in a socially evolving sense of fairness derived from our experience in voluntary social practices that have been shown to benefit everyone, if each does his or her part. In chapter 4 of The Constitution of Liberty, Friedrich Hayek echoed this point about social practices and institutions; in the Moral Sense, social scientist James Q Wilson grounded Hume’s “moral sense” in our genetic inheritance and our early childhood experience in families. What are the roles played by biology, on the one hand, and history and sociology, on the other? What, in your opinion, are the strengths and weaknesses of this approach to morality?
2a. In section 1 of chapter 7 of Anarchy, State, and Utopia Robert Nozick argues that societies that respect one’s liberty to dispose of assets to which one is entitled without harming or coercing anyone falsifies any theory that maintains that the distribution of wealth and income in a society is just if and only if it conforms to some fixed, well-defined pattern. State and evaluate the argument. Then answer the question: Should we strive to bring it about that an individual’s wealth and income in a society matches, or approximates, the value that he or she provides to society?. Why or why not?
2b. In chapters 3 and 4 of The Constitution of Liberty, Hayek maintains that the liberty to innovate and profit from one’s success is necessary for societies to advance despite the fact that it generates inequality in which some people are much richer than others. Despite the pain this relative poverty causes, Hayek argues that it serves purposes needed for further social advance, What does he have in mind? Does it make sense? What, if anything, might minimize the ill effects of a sense of relative depravation, or even envy?
3a. Happiness is sometimes said to be (i) the state of being that we most want to achieve for ourselves, (ii) that for which, or above which, individuals value all else, and (iii) the ultimate utility to be measured, aggregated, and maximized in assessing social and economic policy. State and critique each of these views, evaluating which, if any, you take to be correct and why? If you find none to be satisfactory, state an alternative conception of happiness that you take to be superior.
3b. The U.S. Declaration of Independence states that life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness are natural rights. Locke’s Second Treatise on Government, speaks of natural rights discoverable by reason as including life, liberty, and property. What is meant by a natural right? How, if they exist, are they related to other rights? How might one defend the claim that something is a natural right? What strategies are reasonable for a society to adopt to ensure they are not violated? How are those strategies related to the ones suggested by Locke and by the American founders?
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